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2 organic and inorganic porous membrane of the composite membrane for the basement

Ceramic matrix composite 2.1 PVDF membrane

Recently, a nano-porous proton exchange membrane (NP PCM) much attention [25-27]. It is from PVDF, ceramic powder and inorganic acid 3 parts, first PVDF and the nature of strong acid absorption is not conductive ceramic powder sintered into a nano-porous membrane, and then immersed in acid proton obtained composite membrane. Compared with the Nafion membrane, the membrane low cost, lower methanol permeability an order of magnitude, proton conductivity increased 3 times, and not subject to the effects of heavy metal impurities, it can use less expensive catalyst. Peled, etc. [28] will be such a membrane assembly to the methanol fuel cell and ethanol fuel cells, respectively, have been 400mW cm2 and 300mW cm2 maximum power density, higher than the Nafion membrane assembly with methanol fuel cell (260mW cm2 dell inspiron 1501 battery).

2.2 PTFE ceramic matrix composite membrane

Reichman, etc. [29] will be PTFE and ceramic powder sintered into a nano-porous membrane, and then immersed in 3mol L-1 of H2SO4 obtained composite membrane. This composite membrane proton conductivity with the ceramic content increases: When ceramics containing less than 5 percent, its proton conductivity zero; when the ceramic content of 50 percent, its proton conductivity reached 0 22S cm. This DMFC membrane assembled at 80 ℃ and 130 ℃ when the open circuit voltage were 0 56 and 0 65V, power density, respectively 50 and 130mW cm2.

2.3 polyphenylene oxide (PPO) phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) matrix composites

Sauk membrane, such as [30] will be immersed Nafion solution to the polyphenylene ether and phosphomolybdic acid mixed porous membrane has been Nafion PPO PMA composite membrane and to look at the PMA in the composite membrane of different content on the membrane performance. They found 0 5gPMA containing composite membrane proton conductivity reached 0 0341S cm, close to Nafion115 films 0 0385S cm; while the methanol permeability for the 2 01 × 10-6cm2 s, less than Nafion115 membrane 3 29 × 10-6cm2 s. This membrane assembly 0 35V in the DMFC, the dell inspiron 1501 battery performance Nafion115 higher than the membrane or other content in composite membrane assembled DMFC.

3 inorganic porous membrane of the composite membrane for the basement

3.1 alumina matrix composite membrane

Compounds MxHy (AO4) z (M = Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li, NH4; A = S, Se, As, P) in the 50-230 ℃ will be going through a super-proton conduction process, especially in higher than CsHSO4 140 ℃ when the proton conductivity increased dramatically, 200 ℃ when the proton conductivity can be as high as 0 04S cm [31]. CsH2PO4 assembled using membrane fuel cell operating temperature even reached 250 ℃ [32]. So can the compounds as a porous membrane applied to the fill material in high-temperature fuel cells. Bocchetta, etc. [33] will be filled with salt CsHSO4 good thermal stability to the porous membrane of Al2O3 composite membrane system had, by this assembly of H2 O2 membrane fuel cell in the 150-170 ℃ under dry conditions in normal operation, and 160 ℃ when its open circuit voltage to reach 0 8V, dell inspiron 1501 battery short-circuit current of 8mA cm2. Park, etc. [34] in Al2O3 porous membrane filled SiP HClO4, the use of captured ClO-4 as the proton providers, with the P-O-Si bond linked to the hydroxyl containing strong hydrogen bonds as a proton channel in order to achieve the purpose of the rapid transmission of proton . This membrane proton conductivity reached 2 6 × 10-2S cm.

3.2 silicon composite membrane

Etching of silicon are easy to be able to large-scale production can be formed in series or parallel circuits, and therefore porous silicon composite basement membrane often used in micro fuel cells. Pichonat such as [35,36] chosen for n-type silicon substrate, using methods of electrochemical corrosion obtained a thickness of 40μm, diameter 30nm, pore rate of 50% of the porous silicon. Its immersion Nafion solution obtained composite membrane, which membrane assembly H2 O2 fuel cell open circuit voltage to reach 0 796V, power density of 20mW cm2. Gold, etc. [37] will be filled with sulfuric acid to the p-type porous silicon membrane, the proton conductivity even closer than the Nafion membrane.

3.3 glass-based composite membrane

SiO2 glass with a hydrophilic nature and variable geometry. Wang, etc. [38] will be filled to CsHSO4 respectively aperture 290nm and 4nm of SiO2 porous glass, the system had two CsHSO4 SiO2 composite membrane. They found that when the film hole to 290nm, the existence of two CsHSO4 crystal and amorphous CsHSO4; and film hole for 4nm, the only amorphous CsHSO4. Compared with pure electrolyte CsHSO4, in the low-temperature conditions, the aperture 290nm of composite membrane proton conductivity a higher order of magnitude, while the diameter of the composite membrane 4nm proton conductivity higher 2-3 orders of magnitude. The dell inspiron 1501 battery reason could be that amorphous CsHSO4 in the process of proton conduction plays an important role.

4 Conclusion

Secundum filled proton exchange membrane has a high proton conductivity, methanol permeability of low-and non-swelling, etc., has become a proton exchange membrane research a new direction. Preparation of proton exchange membrane filled secundum commonly used method of spraying,刮涂, Brush and the impregnation method, and its key technology is to reduce the electrolyte material in the porous membrane of the surface tension and increase the infiltration of electrolyte to ensure that the electrolyte completely submerged porous membrane pore formed dense composite membrane. With other proton exchange membrane as compared to proton exchange membrane filled secundum preparation process is relatively simple and has good prospects for industrialization. As a result of proton exchange membrane secundum fill the nature of the use of the basement membrane stability, a number of film when crisp, intensity difference or not easy to film electrolyte materials can be used, and different basement membrane dell inspiron 1501 battery and the electrolyte can form a variety of combinations, so so that the use of proton exchange membrane expanded. In the low-temperature fuel cells to polymer or organic and inorganic compounds of the composite membrane basement greater price advantage, there is hope to replace the traditional perfluorosulfonic acid membrane; while in the high-temperature fuel cells to inorganics for basement composite membrane with high temperature characteristics of the application of a bright future. We believe that with the pass to fill in proton exchange membrane of further study, will greatly promote the development of fuel cell technology and the industrialization process.

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BY: abaxter, NotebookReview.com Editor
PUBLISHED: 11/21/2006

by Andrew Baxter

The Dell Inspiron 1501 is a 15.4" widescreen notebook now available with the AMD Sempron, Turion or Turion X2 processor. The Inspiron 1501 has a subset of the Intel based Inspiron e1505 features and carries the same basic design and build as that popular laptop. Unfortunately, Dell cut features on the Inspiron 1501 but didn't cut its price a whole lot relative to the e1505. Unless you really want an AMD processor, it's hard to recommend this machine over the only slightly more expensive and better e1505.

The Inspiron 1501 reviewed here is configured as follows:

• AMD Sempron 3500+ (1.8GHz/512Kb)
• 15.4" Ultrasharp WXGA display
• 512GB DDR2 SDRAM 533MHz (1 DIMM)
• ATI Xpress 1150 256MB HyperMemory (Integrated graphics)
• 60GB 5400RPM SATA Hard Drive
• 24x CD Burner/DVD Combo Drive
• 6-cell 53 WHr lithium-ion battery
• Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition
• Dell 1390 802.11g Mini Wireless Card

Noise:

The Dell 1501 is commendably quiet.  Even while watching a DVD, the fan remained off.  The hard drive makes a subdued, but noticeable hum. Only under heavier tasks does the fan come on.  It has three speeds and generates more of a low pitched hum than any type of annoying whine that some fans produce.

Heat:

The keyboard and area under the screen generated more heat.  The underside of the notebook was also slightly warm at the front and warmer, but not hot at the rear.  As with all notebooks, heat is more of an issue when used on an insulating/air-restricting lap.  Overall the 1501 can be commended for keeping its cool.

Battery:

With the 6-cell battery I was able to get 3 hours 25 minutes of battery life. This was with screen brightness at half and wi-fi off. During the 3.5 hours I let it idle for about half of the time and then the other half of the time I did things like rip a CD, run some benchmarks and tested various programs. Overall I was pretty impressed to get such battery life. Being a 15.4" screen laptop you probably won't be carting it around a ton and won't want 4+ hours of battery life. However, there is an option to upgrade to a 9-cell battery that should achieve 4+ hours of battery life if you so choose, it's a $49 upgrade.  The 9-cell battery is flushed with the back of the notebook and does not stick out.